The visitors struggled against Zimbabwe's pace attack in Harare, with the hosts exploiting the conditions through pace and bounce.
Apart from Mominul Haque, who top-scored with a fighting 60, none of the Bangladesh batters managed to make a significant contribution as the side was bundled out for just 140 in the first innings.
Despite the batting collapse, Bangladesh moved up one place in the WTC table without playing a championship fixture.
Najmul Hossain Shanto's side had boosted their standing after sweeping Pakistan in their previous Test series, a result that lifted them above teams like India. Bangladesh have so far played four matches in the current WTC cycle, winning two and drawing one, giving them a points percentage of 58.33.
Although their points percentage remains unchanged, Bangladesh climbed from fifth to fourth after Sri Lanka suffered a crushing innings-and-217-run defeat to the West Indies in Antigua.
The heavy loss saw Sri Lanka slip from fourth to sixth in the standings, with Dhananjaya de Silva's side now holding a points percentage of 44.44 from three Tests. India also moved up one spot to fifth.
Bangladesh's ongoing Test against Zimbabwe will not affect their position in the World Test Championship table, as the one-off fixture is not part of the current WTC cycle.
