Khaled struck in the second session, dismissing Daaryoush Ahmed, Sai Kishore and Che Simmons.
His first wicket came when Daaryoush edged a delivery onto his stumps, before Sai Kishore was caught behind off a short ball. Khaled then bowled Simmons to complete his three-wicket haul.
The right-arm pacer finished with 3-37 from 11 overs, including two maidens.
Matt Milnes was Kent’s leading bowler with 4-55.
Gloucestershire’s innings was anchored by James Bracey, who top-scored with 86, while Ollie Price made 52.
Kent then began their reply and reached 71-1 at stumps, trailing by 158 runs, with Ben Compton unbeaten on 33 and Sam Northeast on 27.
The match is Khaled’s final County Championship appearance this season before he returns to Bangladesh as he joined Kent in September for their final four fixtures of the campaign.
